GGLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are a class of medications that mimic the action of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a hormone involved in regulating blood sugar levels and appetite. GLP-1 is a naturally occurring hormone secreted by the gut in response to food intake. It stimulates insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, and reduces appetite, which collectively help to lower blood sugar levels and promote weight loss.
How GLP-1 RAs Work?
GLP-1 RAs bind to GLP-1 receptors in the body, enhancing the effects of the natural hormone. Their key functions include:
- Enhancing Insulin Secretion: Stimulating insulin production in response to elevated blood glucose.
- Suppressing Glucagon: Reducing glucagon secretion from the pancreas, thereby lowering blood sugar.
- Delaying Gastric Emptying: Slowing the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine, moderating blood sugar spikes.
- Reducing Appetite: Acting on the brain to decrease hunger, potentially aiding in weight management.
Uses of GLP-1 RAs
- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): Improve blood sugar control in people with T2DM.
- Weight Management: Some GLP-1 RAs are approved for weight loss in individuals with obesity or overweight.
- Cardiovascular Benefits: Certain GLP-1 RAs have been shown to reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events in people with diabetes and pre-existing heart disease.
Common Examples
- Exenatide (Byetta, Bydureon), Liraglutide (Victoza for diabetes, Saxenda for weight loss), Dulaglutide (Trulicity), Semaglutide (Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy), Tirzepatide (Mounjaro) (dual GLP-1 and GIP agonist)
Side Effects
- Common: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and decreased appetite.
- Serious (Rare): Pancreatitis, gallbladder problems, and hypoglycemia (particularly if used with other diabetes medications such as insulin or sulfonylureas).
Recent Trends
GLP-1 RAs have gained widespread attention not only for managing diabetes but also for their significant potential in weight loss and cardiometabolic health, leading to their increasing popularity and research into new formulations and delivery methods.
Source: NIH-NLM
